Cobalt Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Co
Sc
Group Number
9
9
3
15
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440484
38
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1732
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %
10
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
20
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
17
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.
27
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C
29
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C
34
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa
26
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa
11
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s
14
Not Available
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
Not Available
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88
12
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56
1
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70
5
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.84
10
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12
99+
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol
19
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV
5
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
22
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
26
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
22
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm
34
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)
10
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3
99+
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa
9
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)
14
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa
18
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.32
12
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4,500.00
1
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m
12
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol
37
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K
99+
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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