Scandium vs Gold
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Au
Group Number
3
15
11
7
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7440575
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Unknown
Discovery
In 1879
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gold
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
2.54
1
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
79
37
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
118
23
Number of Electrons
21
99+
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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