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Scandium vs Gold

Scandium
Gold
Gold vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Au  
Group Number
3  
15
11  
7
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
-  
Discovery
In 1879  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gold  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
118  
24
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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