Gold vs Scandium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Sc
Group Number
11
7
3
15
Period Number
6
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
118
23
24
99+
Number of Electrons
79
37
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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