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Gold vs Scandium

Gold
Scandium
Scandium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Sc  
Group Number
11  
7
3  
15
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
79  
37
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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