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Scandium vs Copper

Scandium
Copper
Copper vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Cu   
Group Number
3   
15
11   
7
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1879   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Copper   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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