Copper vs Niobium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu
Nb
Group Number
11
7
5
13
Period Number
4
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440508
37
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Found in Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %
12
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %
12
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
13
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
17
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
9
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.
12
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C
40
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa
38
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa
28
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
19
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
90.00 %
3
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90
11
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49
14
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
9
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10
99+
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol
22
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV
11
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
29
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
29
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)
99+
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm
35
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3
27
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)
8
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa
15
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa
12
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa
17
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.89
34
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Not Available
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K
2
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol
33
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol
29
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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