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Scandium vs Promethium

Scandium
Promethium
Promethium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Pm   
Group Number
3   
15
Not Available   
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.07   
32
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
84   
40
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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