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Promethium vs Scandium

Promethium
Scandium
Scandium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Sc   
Group Number
Not Available   
3   
15
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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