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Strontium vs Hafnium

Strontium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Strontium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sr  
Hf  
Group Number
2  
16
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440246  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
  • Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Cruickshank  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1787  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.04 %  
10
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
4
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
  • By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.03 Blood/mg dm-3  
19
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
140.00 p.p.m.  
7
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
769.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,384.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
110.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
15.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
4,170.00 m/s  
23
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.43  
39
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sr  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.72  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.99  
38
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.96  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.05  
7
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,064.20 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,138.00 kJ/mol  
10
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,500.00 kJ/mol  
22
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,910.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
8,760.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
10,230.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
11,800.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
17,100.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
31,270.00 kJ/mol  
6
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
54,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.64 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.59 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
38  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Strontium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
38  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
38  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
195.00 pm  
15
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
249.00 pm  
11
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
87.62 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
33.70 cm3/mol  
9
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rubidium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Yttrium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
25.70 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
608.49 pm  
6
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.64 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
170.00 MPa  
21
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
121.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
6.03 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
11.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
15.70 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.64  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
35
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
132.00 nΩ·m  
24
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
31
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
5.03 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.40 W/m·K  
38
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,050.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
22.50 µm/(m·K)  
19
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.16 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.20 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K  
34
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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