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Strontium vs Thallium

Strontium
Thallium
Thallium vs Strontium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sr   
Tl   
Group Number
2   
16
13   
5
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
s block   
p block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440246   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
  • Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Cruickshank   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1787   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-6 %   
14
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.000005 %   
15
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.04 %   
10
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
4
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
7
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
  • By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.03 Blood/mg dm-3   
19
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
140.00 p.p.m.   
7
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
769.00 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,384.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sr   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.95   
99+
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.72   
27
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.99   
37
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.00   
18
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
0.96   
40
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.05   
7
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,064.20 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
4,138.00 kJ/mol   
10
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
5,500.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,910.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,760.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
7th Energy level
10,230.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
11,800.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
17,100.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
31,270.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.64 g/amp-hr   
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
2.59 eV   
99+
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
38   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Strontium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
38   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
50   
99+
123   
20
Number of Electrons
38   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm   
5
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
195.00 pm   
15
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
249.00 pm   
7
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
87.62 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
33.70 cm3/mol   
6
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rubidium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Yttrium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
25.70 (-eV)   
99+
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
608.49 pm   
6
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.64 g/cm3   
99+
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3   
99+
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
121.00 (Pa)   
1
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
6.03 GPa   
99+
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
15.70 GPa   
99+
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.64   
99+
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA   
Conductor   
Resistivity
132.00 nΩ·m   
24
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
26
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
5.03 kJ/mol   
38
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
35.40 W/m·K   
37
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
22.50 µm/(m·K)   
18
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.16 kJ/mol   
38
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.20 kJ/mol   
99+
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K   
26
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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