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Strontium vs Thallium

Strontium
Thallium
Thallium vs Strontium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sr  
Tl  
Group Number
2  
16
13  
5
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440246  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
  • Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Cruickshank  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1787  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.04 %  
10
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
4
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
  • By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.03 Blood/mg dm-3  
19
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
140.00 p.p.m.  
7
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
769.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,384.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
110.00 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
15.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,170.00 m/s  
23
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.43  
39
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sr  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.72  
99+
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.99  
38
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
0.96  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.05  
7
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,064.20 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
4,138.00 kJ/mol  
10
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
5,500.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
6,910.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,760.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
10,230.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
11,800.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
17,100.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
31,270.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
54,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.64 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
2.59 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
38  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Strontium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
38  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
38  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
195.00 pm  
15
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
249.00 pm  
11
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
87.62 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
33.70 cm3/mol  
9
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rubidium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Yttrium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
25.70 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
608.49 pm  
6
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.64 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
170.00 MPa  
21
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
121.00 (Pa)  
1
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
6.03 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
11.00 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
15.70 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.64  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
35
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
132.00 nΩ·m  
24
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
31
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
5.03 kJ/mol  
99+
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
35.40 W/m·K  
38
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,050.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
22.50 µm/(m·K)  
19
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.16 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.20 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K  
34
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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