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Thulium vs Gold

Thulium
Gold
Gold vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Au  
Group Number
3  
15
11  
7
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
-  
Discovery
In 1879  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
118  
24
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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