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Gold vs Thulium

Gold
Thulium
Thulium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Tm   
Group Number
11   
7
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
Not Available   
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
1.25   
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
100   
32
Number of Electrons
79   
37
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
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