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Gold Thulium Comparison

Gold
Thulium
Thulium Gold comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Tm  
Group Number
11  
7
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
100  
33
Number of Electrons
79  
37
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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