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Tin vs Cadmium

Tin
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Tin


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sn  
Cd  
Group Number
14  
4
12  
6
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440315  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
I41/amd  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
141.00  
10
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
Before 3500 BC  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3  
10
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.  
17
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
231.90 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
51.00 %  
30
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)  
-  
β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)  
-  
γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sn  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.96  
9
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.49  
19
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.72  
5
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.21  
5
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.82  
14
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.04  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol  
30
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol  
21
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
39
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
27
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
7,086.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
39
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
33
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
27
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
26
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
28
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
32
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.42 eV  
22
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
50  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
50  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
69  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
50  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
140.00 pm  
40
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm  
29
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
118.71 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Indium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Cesium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)  
14
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
583.18 pm  
7
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.68  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
15
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
18
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa  
21
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.36  
8
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m  
28
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω  
28
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol  
9
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
28
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K  
26
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K  
25
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
505.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)  
21
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K  
40
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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