Symbol
W
  
Tl
  
Period Number
6
  
6
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Tungsten element has the second highest melting point.
- Pure tungsten can easily cut down with the help of hacksaw.
  
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Not Available
  
William Crookes
  
Discovery
In 1781
  
In 1861
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
~0.0000001 %
  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature applications like welding electrodes, high-temperature furnace, etc.
- Tungsten carbide is very hard and used in metal working, mining and petroleum industry.
  
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Medical Research
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Highly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
31
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
35
0.00 p.p.m.
  
33
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Grayish White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
2,000.00 MPa
  
4
Vickers Hardness
3,430.00 MPa
  
1
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
4,620.00 m/s
  
16
818.00 m/s
  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
W
  
Tl
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol
  
16
589.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,700.00 kJ/mol
  
29
1,971.00 kJ/mol
  
14
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
  
2,878.00 kJ/mol
  
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.14 g/amp-hr
  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr
  
2
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
9.53 cm3/mol
  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol
  
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
140.00 (-eV)
  
5
9.60 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.25 g/cm3
  
16
11.85 g/cm3
  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
  
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Sectile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
52.80 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω
  
10
0.06 106/cm Ω
  
32
Electron Affinity
78.60 kJ/mol
  
13
19.20 kJ/mol
  
32
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.27 J/mol·K
  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K
  
29
Thermal Conductivity
173.00 W/m·K
  
7
46.10 W/m·K
  
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
4.50 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)
  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
799.10 kJ/mol
  
1
162.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
35.23 kJ/mol
  
1
4.27 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
837.00 kJ/mol
  
1
179.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K
  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K
  
19