Symbol
V
  
Cs
  
Period Number
4
  
6
  
Block
d block
  
s block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Alkali
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Not Available
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río
  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
  
Discovery
In 1801
  
In 1860
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000008 %
  
20
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
-
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
-
In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Mildly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
28
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
31
0.05 p.p.m.
  
26
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C
  
13
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C
  
20
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey
  
Silvery Gold
  
Luster
Metallic
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s
  
17
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
V
  
Cs
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
375.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,234.30 kJ/mol
  
8
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol
  
35
3,400.00 kJ/mol
  
16
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol
  
25
Not Available
  
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol
  
23
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr
  
99+
4.96 g/amp-hr
  
3
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
  
[Xe] 6s1
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol
  
99+
71.07 cm3/mol
  
1
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)
  
6
8.62 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3
  
99+
1.93 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3
  
99+
1.84 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
Semiconductor
  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m
  
19
205.00 nΩ·m
  
17
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 10
6/cm Ω
  
35
0.05 10
6/cm Ω
  
35
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol
  
20
45.50 kJ/mol
  
25
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)
  
10
0.24 J/(kg K)
  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K
  
99+
32.21 J/mol·K
  
4
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K
  
39
35.90 W/m·K
  
36
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
97.00 µm/(m·K)
  
1
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol
  
14
65.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
  
14
2.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol
  
13
78.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K
  
99+
85.20 J/mol.K
  
3