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Vanadium vs Nickel

Vanadium
Nickel
Nickel vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Ni  
Group Number
5  
13
10  
8
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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