Yttrium vs Calcium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Y
Ca
Group Number
3
15
2
16
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440655
25
7440702
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1794
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %
17
7 * 10-3 %
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.007 %
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
21
1.10 %
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
22
5.00 %
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
1.40 %
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
4
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
170,000.00 p.p.m.
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
27
839.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
21
1,484.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.75
17
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa
22
170.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
23
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22
38
1.00
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65
29
0.95
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.04
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.08
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.12
38
1.03
39
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78
16
3.00
9
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
589.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol
7
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
6,491.00 kJ/mol
7
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
8,153.00 kJ/mol
7
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
10,496.00 kJ/mol
8
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
12,270.00 kJ/mol
12
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
14,206.00 kJ/mol
15
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
18,191.00 kJ/mol
12
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
20,385.00 kJ/mol
16
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
57,110.00 kJ/mol
3
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
63,410.00 kJ/mol
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available
70,110.00 kJ/mol
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available
78,890.00 kJ/mol
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available
86,310.00 kJ/mol
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available
94,000.00 kJ/mol
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available
104,900.00 kJ/mol
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available
111,711.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
2.87 eV
38
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39
99+
20
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
39
99+
20
99+
Number of Neutrons
50
99+
20
99+
Number of Electrons
39
99+
20
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
197.00 pm
6
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
176.00 pm
22
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
231.00 pm
19
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu
99+
40.08 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
21
29.90 cm3/mol
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
30
29.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm
31
558.84 pm
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
16
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
99+
1.55 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
99+
1.38 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
25.50 (Pa)
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa
30
7.40 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa
30
17.00 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa
32
20.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24
26
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.47
99+
4.58
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m
8
33.60 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω
6
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
30
2.37 kJ/mol
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
0.63 J/(kg K)
7
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
27
25.93 J/mol·K
34
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
99+
201.00 W/m·K
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
22.30 µm/(m·K)
19
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
18
150.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
16
8.54 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
18
184.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
33
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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