Yttrium vs Gold
Periodic Table
Symbol
Y
Au
Group Number
3
15
11
7
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440655
25
7440575
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Unknown
Discovery
In 1794
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %
17
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
27
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
21
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gold
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa
22
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
23
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22
38
2.54
1
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65
29
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.12
38
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78
16
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39
99+
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
39
99+
79
37
Number of Neutrons
50
99+
118
23
Number of Electrons
39
99+
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu
99+
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
21
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
30
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm
31
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
16
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
99+
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
99+
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)
10
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa
30
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa
30
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa
32
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.24
26
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.47
99+
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m
8
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
30
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
27
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
99+
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
18
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
16
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
18
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
33
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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