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Yttrium vs Nickel

Yttrium
Nickel
Nickel vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y  
Ni  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440655  
25
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1794  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
18
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
21
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
22
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C  
27
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C  
22
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa  
26
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
590.00 MPa  
29
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s  
34
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Y  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22  
39
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65  
99+
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.22  
38
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78  
16
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
39  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
39  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)  
31
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm  
34
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
39
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
160.00 MPa  
22
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
18
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)  
10
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa  
37
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa  
35
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa  
34
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
26
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
1,799.00 K  
31
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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