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Zinc vs Rubidium

Zinc
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Zinc


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn   
Rb   
Group Number
12   
6
1   
17
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440666   
24
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %   
11
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %   
10
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %   
12
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
16
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
10
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
6
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
6
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.   
6
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
907.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa   
32
0.22 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s   
18
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
2
Not Available   
Reflectivity
80.00 %   
5
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65   
19
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23   
6
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66   
7
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65   
11
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35   
35
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol   
6
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol   
27
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol   
12
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol   
11
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol   
9
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol   
9
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol   
10
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV   
17
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
30   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
35   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
30   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu   
99+
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol   
99+
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Copper
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Gallium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)   
99+
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3   
99+
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3   
37
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa   
18
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa   
19
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa   
19
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.25   
24
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.90   
99+
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m   
40
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω   
12
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)   
14
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K   
39
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K   
14
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)   
11
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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