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Rubidium vs Cobalt

Rubidium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb   
Co   
Group Number
1   
17
9   
9
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440177   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %   
17
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
19
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
7
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
7
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C   
99+
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
688.00 °C   
99+
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Grayish White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30   
24
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa   
99+
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82   
99+
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31   
32
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89   
40
1.70   
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69   
24
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
0.71   
99+
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18   
3
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV   
99+
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
48   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
37   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm   
2
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm   
4
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm   
3
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm   
10
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa   
99+
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa   
99+
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53   
99+
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K   
26
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K   
4
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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