Rubidium Cobalt Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb
Co
Group Number
1
17
9
9
Period Number
5
4
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440177
99+
7440484
38
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Georg Brandt
Discovery
In 1861
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %
17
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
19
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
7
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
7
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.
13
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C
99+
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
688.00 °C
99+
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Grayish White
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.30
24
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa
99+
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s
99+
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82
99+
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31
32
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89
40
1.70
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69
24
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.71
99+
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18
3
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV
99+
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37
99+
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
37
99+
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
48
99+
26
99+
Number of Electrons
37
99+
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm
2
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm
4
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm
3
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol
2
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)
99+
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm
10
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3
99+
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3
99+
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa
99+
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa
99+
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.53
99+
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m
26
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol
24
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K
5
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K
26
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K
4
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K
5
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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