Zirconium Rhodium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Rh
Group Number
4
14
9
9
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440166
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1789
In 1804
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
NA
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
Not Available
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
1,966.00 °C
12
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
3,727.00 °C
17
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
980.00 MPa
9
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
1,100.00 MPa
9
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
4,700.00 m/s
15
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Rh
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
2.28
3
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
1.56
24
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
1.72
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
719.70 kJ/mol
29
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
45
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
45
99+
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
58
99+
Number of Electrons
40
99+
45
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
102.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
380.34 pm
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
12.41 g/cm3
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
10.70 g/cm3
14
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
951.00 MPa
5
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
0.02 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
150.00 GPa
6
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
275.00 GPa
5
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
380.00 GPa
5
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.26
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
12.41
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
109.70 kJ/mol
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
150.00 W/m·K
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
495.40 kJ/mol
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
21.76 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
556.50 kJ/mol
12
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
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