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Zirconium vs Cadmium

Zirconium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Cd   
Group Number
4   
14
12   
6
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1789   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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