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Zirconium vs Cadmium

Zirconium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr  
Cd  
Group Number
4  
14
12  
6
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440677  
23
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1789  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C  
15
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C  
11
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa  
21
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa  
22
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s  
27
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.15  
10
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zr  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33  
31
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.33  
32
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.32  
39
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67  
24
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV  
34
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
40  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
51  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
40  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)  
18
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
25
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
12
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa  
23
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa  
18
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa  
24
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K  
17
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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