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Bismuth vs Gadolinium

Bismuth
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi  
Gd  
Group Number
15  
3
0  
18
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440699  
22
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
C12/m1  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
12.00  
15
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1753  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
271.30 °C  
99+
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bi  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02  
7
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34  
3
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67  
7
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15  
8
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
2.01  
5
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98  
99+
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
83  
33
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83  
33
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
126  
19
93  
38
Number of Electrons
83  
33
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm  
31
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm  
38
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm  
33
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu  
29
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm  
2
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
32.00 MPa  
99+
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa  
99+
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa  
99+
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa  
99+
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.33  
11
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79  
99+
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
20
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
36
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
544.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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