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Cadmium vs Radium

Cadmium
Radium
Radium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Ra  
Group Number
12  
6
2  
16
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440144  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
-  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
23
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
700.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
1,737.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
140.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
3,150.00 m/s  
37
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Ra  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
0.90  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
0.89  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
0.97  
39
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
0.92  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
0.89  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
3.10  
5
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
88  
30
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
88  
30
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
138  
17
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
88  
30
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
215.00 pm  
6
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
221.00 pm  
3
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
283.00 pm  
5
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
226.00 amu  
26
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Francium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Actinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
514.80 pm  
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
40.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
2
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
25.00 GPa  
38
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
5.00  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
18
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
973.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
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