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Cadmium vs Rhodium

Cadmium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Rh  
Group Number
12  
6
9  
9
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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