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Calcium vs Cobalt

Calcium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Co  
Group Number
2  
16
9  
9
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %  
3
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %  
4
~0.0004 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.04 p.p.m.  
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
2,870.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
17
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
470.00 MPa  
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
1,043.00 MPa  
11
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
19
4,720.00 m/s  
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available  
67.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.88  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
24
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
34
1.70  
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
17
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
39
1.84  
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
31
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
19
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
8
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
12
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
3
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
5
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
12
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
11
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available  
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available  
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available  
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available  
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available  
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
38
5.00 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
20  
99+
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
6
147.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
22
160.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
19
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
7
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
9
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
434.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
116.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
39
7.60 kJ/mol  
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
34
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
19
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
36
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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