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Calcium vs Cobalt

Calcium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca   
Co   
Group Number
2   
16
9   
9
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440702   
21
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1808   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %   
3
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %   
4
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %   
4
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %   
3
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
5
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %   
1
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
839.00 °C   
99+
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C   
99+
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75   
17
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa   
99+
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ca   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00   
99+
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95   
24
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04   
34
1.70   
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08   
17
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.03   
39
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00   
9
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV   
38
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
20   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
20   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
20   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm   
6
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm   
22
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm   
19
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm   
9
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa   
99+
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa   
99+
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa   
99+
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58   
99+
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K   
5
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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