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Cobalt vs Calcium

Cobalt
Calcium
Calcium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co   
Ca   
Group Number
9   
9
2   
16
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440484   
38
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1732   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %   
10
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
21
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
20
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
17
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C   
29
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C   
34
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa   
26
170.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s   
14
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88   
12
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56   
1
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70   
5
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.84   
10
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12   
99+
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV   
5
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22   
99+
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
26   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
22   
99+
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm   
34
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)   
10
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm   
99+
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa   
9
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa   
18
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.32   
12
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00   
1
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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