Cobalt Calcium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Co
Ca
Group Number
9
9
2
16
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440484
38
7440702
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1732
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
7 * 10-3 %
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.007 %
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %
10
1.10 %
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
21
5.00 %
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
20
0.00 %
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
17
1.40 %
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
4
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.
27
170,000.00 p.p.m.
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C
29
839.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C
34
1,484.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
1.75
17
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa
26
170.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa
11
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s
14
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
Not Available
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88
12
1.00
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56
1
0.95
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70
5
1.04
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.08
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.84
10
1.03
39
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12
99+
3.00
9
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol
19
589.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
1,145.40 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4,912.40 kJ/mol
7
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
6,491.00 kJ/mol
7
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
8,153.00 kJ/mol
7
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
10,496.00 kJ/mol
8
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
12,270.00 kJ/mol
12
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
14,206.00 kJ/mol
15
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
18,191.00 kJ/mol
12
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
20,385.00 kJ/mol
16
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
57,110.00 kJ/mol
3
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
63,410.00 kJ/mol
3
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
70,110.00 kJ/mol
3
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
78,890.00 kJ/mol
4
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
86,310.00 kJ/mol
5
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
94,000.00 kJ/mol
6
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
104,900.00 kJ/mol
7
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
111,711.00 kJ/mol
8
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV
5
2.87 eV
38
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22
99+
20
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
22
99+
20
99+
Number of Neutrons
26
99+
20
99+
Number of Electrons
22
99+
20
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm
34
197.00 pm
6
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
176.00 pm
22
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
231.00 pm
19
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
40.08 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
29.90 cm3/mol
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)
10
29.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm
99+
558.84 pm
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3
99+
1.55 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3
99+
1.38 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa
9
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
25.50 (Pa)
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)
14
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
7.40 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
17.00 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa
18
20.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.32
12
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4,500.00
1
4.58
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m
12
33.60 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω
6
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol
37
2.37 kJ/mol
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
0.63 J/(kg K)
7
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
25.93 J/mol·K
34
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K
99+
201.00 W/m·K
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)
19
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
150.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
8.54 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
184.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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