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Calcium vs Palladium

Calcium
Palladium
Palladium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Pd  
Group Number
2  
16
10  
8
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
-  
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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