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Palladium vs Lead

Palladium
Lead
Lead vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Pb  
Group Number
10  
8
14  
4
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Unknown  
Discovery
In 1803  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
1 * 10-6 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %  
24
~0.000001 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
Not Available  
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
33
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
1.50  
18
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
33
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
36
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
26
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
1
Not Available  
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
4
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
1.87  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
21
1.55  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
22
1.85  
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
30
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
3
4.25 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
125  
19
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
40
175.00 pm  
19
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
38
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
40
202.00 pm  
27
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
18.17 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
25
495.08 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
29
11.34 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
17
10.66 g/cm3  
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
12.00 MPa  
20
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
46.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
16
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
21
11.35  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
22
0.05 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
17
35.10 kJ/mol  
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
33
26.65 J/mol·K  
26
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
35.30 W/m·K  
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
33
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
19
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
22
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
40
64.80 J/mol.K  
17
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