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Lead vs Palladium

Lead
Palladium
Palladium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Pd   
Group Number
14   
4
10   
8
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
Not Available   
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.35   
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
82   
34
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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