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Palladium vs Nickel

Palladium
Nickel
Nickel vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Ni  
Group Number
10  
8
10  
8
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
6 * 10-3 %  
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %  
24
~0.008 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
Not Available  
0.70 p.p.m.  
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
33
2,732.00 °C  
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
4.00  
10
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
33
667.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
36
638.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
26
4,900.00 m/s  
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
1
Not Available  
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
4
72.00 %  
9
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
1.91  
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.94  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
21
1.75  
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
22
1.88  
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
25
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
7th Energy level
Not Available  
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available  
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available  
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available  
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available  
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available  
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available  
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available  
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available  
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available  
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available  
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available  
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available  
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available  
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available  
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available  
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available  
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
30
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
3
5.15 eV  
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
40
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
40
163.00 pm  
40
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
25
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
29
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
17
7.81 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
345.00 MPa  
11
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
16
200.00 GPa  
11
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
21
8.90  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
Not Available  
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
Not Available  
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
22
0.14 106/cm Ω  
13
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
17
112.00 kJ/mol  
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
33
26.07 J/mol·K  
31
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
33
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
19
371.80 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
22
422.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
40
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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