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Palladium vs Nickel

Palladium
Nickel
Nickel vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Ni   
Group Number
10   
8
10   
8
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
Not Available   
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.75   
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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