Palladium Nickel Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Ni
Group Number
10
8
10
8
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440020
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
Sources
Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Discovery
In 1803
In 1751
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
6 * 10-3 %
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.008 %
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
1.30 %
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
15
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
In Bone
Not Available
0.70 p.p.m.
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
1,453.00 °C
31
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
2,732.00 °C
38
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
4.00
10
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
667.00 MPa
18
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
638.00 MPa
16
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
4,900.00 m/s
12
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
72.00 %
9
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Ni
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.91
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.94
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
1.75
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.88
6
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.09
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
737.10 kJ/mol
25
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
5.15 eV
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
28
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
28
99+
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
31
99+
Number of Electrons
46
99+
28
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
124.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
124.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
58.69 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
42.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
352.40 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
8.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
7.81 g/cm3
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available
345.00 MPa
11
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
0.00 (Pa)
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
19.50 (Pa)
6
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
76.00 GPa
12
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
200.00 GPa
11
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
8.90
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
2
Susceptibility
Not Available
600.00
2
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
69.30 nΩ·m
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
112.00 kJ/mol
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
26.07 J/mol·K
31
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
90.90 W/m·K
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
371.80 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
422.60 kJ/mol
17
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
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