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Calcium vs Rhodium

Calcium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Rh  
Group Number
2  
16
9  
9
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
-  
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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