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Rhodium vs Gadolinium

Rhodium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Gd  
Group Number
9  
9
0  
18
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
93  
38
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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