Symbol
Ce
  
Os
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
6
  
6
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Lanthanide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
- Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
- But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
  
Smithson Tennant
  
Discovery
In 1803
  
In 1803
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
~0.0000002 %
  
25
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
- Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
  
Highly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
30
Not Available
  
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.
  
14
Not Available
  
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C
  
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery Bluish-Gray
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa
  
99+
3,490.00 MPa
  
1
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s
  
99+
4,940.00 m/s
  
11
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Ce
  
Os
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol
  
12
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,309.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,600.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol
  
22
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol
  
21
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.77 g/amp-hr
  
38
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
  
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol
  
17
8.49 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)
  
99+
91.40 (-eV)
  
12
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
1,000.00 MPa
  
4
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω
  
18
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
106.10 kJ/mol
  
9
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
  
32
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K
  
23
24.70 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K
  
99+
87.60 W/m·K
  
19
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
5.10 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol
  
16
627.60 kJ/mol
  
7
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol
  
99+
29.30 kJ/mol
  
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol
  
23
669.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K
  
12
32.60 J/mol.K
  
99+