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Cerium vs Thorium

Cerium
Thorium
Thorium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Th  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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