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Cerium vs Thorium

Cerium
Thorium
Thorium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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