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Cobalt Chromium Comparison

Cobalt
Chromium
Chromium Cobalt comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Cr  
Group Number
9  
9
6  
12
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1732  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
-  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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