Copper Copper Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu
Cu
Group Number
11
7
11
7
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440508
37
7440508
37
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Found in Minerals
History
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %
12
6 * 10-6 %
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %
12
~0.00007 %
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
13
0.01 %
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
17
0.01 %
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
9
0.00 %
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.
12
26.00 p.p.m.
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C
40
1,084.62 °C
40
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C
99+
2,562.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Copper
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa
38
235.00 MPa
38
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa
28
343.00 MPa
28
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
19
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
90.00 %
3
90.00 %
3
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu
Cu
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90
11
1.90
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.75
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49
14
1.49
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
9
1.85
9
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10
99+
2.10
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol
22
745.50 kJ/mol
22
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV
11
4.65 eV
11
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29
99+
29
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
29
99+
29
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
35
99+
Number of Electrons
29
99+
29
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
128.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm
99+
140.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu
99+
63.55 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)
99+
34.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm
35
361.49 pm
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3
99+
8.96 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3
27
8.02 g/cm3
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)
8
1.53 (Pa)
8
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa
15
48.00 GPa
15
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa
12
140.00 GPa
12
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa
17
120.00 GPa
17
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.89
34
8.89
34
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6
4
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K
2
401.00 W/m·K
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol
33
283.70 kJ/mol
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol
29
338.90 kJ/mol
29
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
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