1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74405087440439
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
2.3.2 Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1817
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %~0.0000006 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,084.62 °C320.90 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C765.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Copper
Silvery Bluish-Gray
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.2.1 Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa203.00 MPa
0.14
3490
1.3.1 Vickers Hardness
1.7 Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s
818
16200
1.10 Optical Properties
1.10.1 Refractive Index
1.10.2 Reflectivity
2.5 Allotropes
2.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3 Chemical
3.1 Chemical Formula
3.2 Isotopes
3.2.1 Known Isotopes
3.3 Electronegativity
3.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
3.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
3.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
3.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
3.3.9 Allen Electronegativity
4.3 Electropositivity
4.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
4.4 Ionization Energies
4.4.1 1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
4.4.2 2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.1.1 3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.2.1 4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
5.4.2 5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.4.3 6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
5.4.5 7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.4.6 8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.4.8 9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.1 10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.2 11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
5.6.3 12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
6.2.2 13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
6.2.3 14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
6.3.2 15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
6.3.3 16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
6.3.5 17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
6.3.6 18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
6.3.8 19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
6.3.10 20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
6.3.11 21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
6.3.13 22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
6.3.14 23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
6.3.15 24th Energy Level
6.4.2 25th Energy Level
6.5.2 26th Energy Level
6.5.3 27th Energy Level
6.5.5 28th Energy Level
6.5.7 29th Energy Level
6.5.8 30th Energy Level
6.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
6.7 Electron Work Function
6.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
7 Atomic
7.1 Atomic Number
7.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
7.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
7.3.1 Crystal Lattice
7.4 Atom
7.4.1 Number of Protons
7.4.3 Number of Neutrons
7.4.5 Number of Electrons
7.5 Radius of an Atom
7.5.1 Atomic Radius
128.00 pm151.00 pm
112
265
7.5.3 Covalent Radius
132.00 pm144.00 pm
96
260
7.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm158.00 pm
139
348
7.6 Atomic Weight
63.55 amu112.41 amu
6.94
294
7.7 Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
7.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
7.8.1 Previous Element
7.8.2 Next Element
7.9 Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
7.10 Lattice Constant
361.49 pm297.94 pm
228.58
891.25
7.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
7.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
8 Mechanical
8.1 Density
8.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
8.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
8.2 Tensile Strength
8.3 Viscosity
8.4 Vapor Pressure
8.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
8.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
8.5 Elasticity properties
8.5.1 Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa19.00 GPa
1.3
222
8.5.4 Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa42.00 GPa
1.6
462
8.6.1 Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa50.00 GPa
1.7
528
8.8 Poisson Ratio
8.9 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
9 Magnetic
9.1 Magnetic Characteristics
9.1.1 Specific Gravity
10.1.1 Magnetic Ordering
10.1.2 Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/mNA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
10.4.2 Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6NA
-0.000166
200000
10.5 Electrical Properties
10.5.1 Electrical Property
10.5.2 Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
0.18
961
10.5.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
10.5.6 Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
11 Thermal
11.1 Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
11.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
11.3 Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
11.5 Critical Temperature
11.7 Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
11.10 Enthalpy
11.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
11.11.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
11.13.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
12.2 Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1