Symbol
Cu
Cd
Group Number
1112
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
45
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74405087440439
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
-
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C320.90 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C765.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.002.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa203.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa90.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.101.71
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
90.00 %67.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cu
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2934
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.901.69
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.981.98
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.751.46
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.491.53
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.851.52
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.102.31
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol4,040.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol865.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV4.22 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
2948
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2948
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
3564
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2948
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm151.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm144.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm158.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu112.41 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm297.94 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.281.89
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa62.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa19.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa42.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa50.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.340.30
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.898.65
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K594.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻