1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.7 CAS Number
74405087440451
7429905
54386242
2.2 Space Group Name
2.3 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
4.2 Sources
Found in Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
4.4.1 Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1803
4.5 Abundance
4.5.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
5.3.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
5.6.2 Abundance In Meteorites
5.7.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.8.2 Abundance In Oceans
5.10.2 Abundance In Humans
7 Uses
7.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
7.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
7.1.2 Medical Uses
7.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
7.2 Biological Properties
7.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
7.2.2 Present in Human Body
7.2.3 In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
7.3.3 In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
1,084.62 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
8.2 Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
8.3 Appearance
8.3.1 Physical State
8.3.2 Color
8.3.3 Luster
8.4 Hardness
8.4.1 Mohs Hardness
8.6.2 Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.6.4 Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa210.00 MPa
121
3430
8.7 Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
8.8 Optical Properties
8.8.1 Refractive Index
8.8.3 Reflectivity
8.9 Allotropes
8.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.3.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.3.9 Allen Electronegativity
9.4 Electropositivity
9.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.5 Ionization Energies
9.5.1 1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.5.5 3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.5.7 4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.5.9 5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.5.11 6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.5.13 7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
9.5.16 8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
9.5.18 9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
9.5.20 10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
9.5.23 11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
9.5.25 12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
9.5.27 13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
9.5.29 14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
9.6.1 15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
9.6.2 16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
9.7.1 17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
9.7.2 18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
10.1.1 19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
10.4.2 20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
10.4.3 21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
10.4.5 22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
10.4.6 23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
10.4.8 24th Energy Level
10.4.9 25th Energy Level
10.5.2 26th Energy Level
10.5.4 27th Energy Level
10.5.6 28th Energy Level
10.5.7 29th Energy Level
10.6.1 30th Energy Level
10.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.11 Electron Work Function
10.13 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.4 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
11.5 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
11.5.1 Crystal Lattice
11.6 Atom
11.6.1 Number of Protons
12.1.2 Number of Neutrons
12.1.4 Number of Electrons
12.4 Radius of an Atom
12.4.1 Atomic Radius
128.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
12.5.2 Covalent Radius
132.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
12.5.4 Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
12.7 Atomic Weight
63.55 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
12.8 Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.9.1 Previous Element
12.9.2 Next Element
12.10 Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.12 Lattice Constant
361.49 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
13.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
13.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
14 Mechanical
14.1 Density
14.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
14.1.5 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
14.3 Tensile Strength
14.4 Viscosity
14.5 Vapor Pressure
14.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
14.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
15.2 Elasticity properties
15.2.1 Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
15.3.1 Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
15.4.1 Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
15.6 Poisson Ratio
15.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
16.2.3 Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/mNA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
16.2.4 Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6NA
-0.000166
200000
16.3 Electrical Properties
16.3.1 Electrical Property
16.3.2 Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.4.1 Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.5 Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1