Erbium Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Er
Sc
Group Number
Not Available
3
15
Period Number
6
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440520
35
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1842
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
28
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C
99+
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Lustrous
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa
11
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa
19
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s
28
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24
36
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76
18
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr
28
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
68
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
99
33
24
99+
Number of Electrons
68
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm
19
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol
25
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)
29
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm
39
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3
23
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
20
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa
25
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa
27
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa
29
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.24
28
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.07
32
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m
99+
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)
34
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K
11
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K
99+
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)
31
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol
35
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol
15
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
33
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K
11
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
