Symbol
Er
  
Sc
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
6
  
4
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Lanthanide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Mining
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
  
Lars Fredrik Nilson
  
Discovery
In 1842
  
In 1879
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
~0.000004 %
  
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
Not Available
  
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
22
In Bone
Not Available
  
0.00 p.p.m.
  
34
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
  
28
1,539.00 °C
  
24
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C
  
99+
2,832.00 °C
  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s
  
28
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Er
  
Sc
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
  
33
7,090.60 kJ/mol
  
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
8,843.00 kJ/mol
  
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
10,679.00 kJ/mol
  
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
13,310.00 kJ/mol
  
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
15,250.00 kJ/mol
  
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
17,370.00 kJ/mol
  
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
21,726.00 kJ/mol
  
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
24,102.00 kJ/mol
  
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
66,320.00 kJ/mol
  
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
  
73,010.00 kJ/mol
  
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
  
80,160.00 kJ/mol
  
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
  
89,490.00 kJ/mol
  
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
  
97,400.00 kJ/mol
  
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
  
105,600.00 kJ/mol
  
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
  
117,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
  
124,270.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr
  
28
0.56 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol
  
25
15.00 cm3/mol
  
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)
  
29
58.00 (-eV)
  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3
  
99+
2.99 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
18.10 kJ/mol
  
33
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)
  
34
0.60 J/(kg K)
  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K
  
11
25.52 J/mol·K
  
37
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K
  
99+
15.80 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)
  
31
10.20 µm/(m·K)
  
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol
  
35
314.20 kJ/mol
  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol
  
15
14.10 kJ/mol
  
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
  
33
343.00 kJ/mol
  
28
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K
  
11
34.60 J/mol.K
  
99+