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Erbium vs Osmium

Erbium
Osmium
Osmium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Os  
Group Number
3  
15
8  
10
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440042  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Smithson Tennant  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
3,045.00 °C  
3
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
5,027.00 °C  
6
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
7.00  
3
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
3,490.00 MPa  
1
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
3,920.00 MPa  
1
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
2.07  
12
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
80.00 %  
7
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
Os  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.52  
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
4.83 eV  
13
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
76  
40
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
76  
39
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
114  
26
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
76  
39
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
133.80 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
128.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
216.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
190.23 amu  
35
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Rhenium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Iridium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
91.40 (-eV)  
12
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
273.44 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.58  
37
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
22.59 g/cm3  
9
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
20.00 g/cm3  
11
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
1,000.00 MPa  
4
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
3
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
39
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
222.00 GPa  
1
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
462.00 GPa  
1
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
528.00 GPa  
1
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
22.57  
11
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
17
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
87.60 W/m·K  
19
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
3,300.00 K  
3
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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