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Erbium vs Palladium

Erbium
Palladium
Palladium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Pd   
Group Number
Not Available   
10   
8
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Mining   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.35   
21
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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