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Palladium vs Erbium

Palladium
Erbium
Erbium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Er   
Group Number
10   
8
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440520   
35
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1842   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
36
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Mildly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
1,522.00 °C   
28
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
2,510.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
814.00 MPa   
11
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
589.00 MPa   
19
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
2,830.00 m/s   
28
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Er   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
31   
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.24   
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.76   
18
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
68   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
68   
99+
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
99   
33
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
68   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
189.00 pm   
19
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
167.26 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Holmium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Thulium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
49.00 (-eV)   
29
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
355.88 pm   
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
8.86 g/cm3   
23
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
28.30 GPa   
25
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
44.40 GPa   
27
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
69.90 GPa   
29
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.24   
28
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
9.07   
32
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
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