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Erbium vs Rhodium

Erbium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Rh   
Group Number
Not Available   
9   
9
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440166   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Mining   
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1804   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
NA   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
1,966.00 °C   
12
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
3,727.00 °C   
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
980.00 MPa   
9
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
1,100.00 MPa   
9
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
4,700.00 m/s   
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Rh   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
16   
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
2.28   
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.45   
16
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.56   
24
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
1.72   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
719.70 kJ/mol   
29
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol   
26
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol   
27
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
1.28 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.98 eV   
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
45   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Kr] 4d8 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
45   
99+
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
58   
99+
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
45   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
142.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
102.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
380.34 pm   
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
12.41 g/cm3   
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
10.70 g/cm3   
14
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
951.00 MPa   
5
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.02 (Pa)   
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
150.00 GPa   
6
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
275.00 GPa   
5
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
380.00 GPa   
5
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.26   
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
12.41   
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
43.30 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.21 106/cm Ω   
8
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
109.70 kJ/mol   
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.24 J/(kg K)   
22
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
24.98 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
150.00 W/m·K   
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
8.20 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
495.40 kJ/mol   
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
21.76 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
556.50 kJ/mol   
12
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
31.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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