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Erbium vs Thallium

Erbium
Thallium
Thallium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Tl  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
123  
21
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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