Europium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Eu
Th
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
6
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440531
34
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
Not Available
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1896
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %
27
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000005 %
27
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
36
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
- It is used in low energy light bulbs.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
822.00 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa
34
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Eu
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.01
22
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Not Available
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr
33
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
2.50 eV
99+
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
63
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
63
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
89
38
142
15
Number of Electrons
63
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm
13
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm
18
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
151.96 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol
8
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)
35
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
458.10 pm
17
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa
99+
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa
99+
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa
99+
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.15
34
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.24
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m
99+
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K
16
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)
8
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol
37
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K
4
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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